Autism
Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), refers to a broad range of conditions characterised by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviours, speech, and nonverbal communication. The term “spectrum” highlights the wide variation in challenges and strengths possessed by each person with autism.
The precise causes of autism are not fully known, but it’s believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental influences. Symptoms typically become clearly evident during early childhood, with some signs appearing in infancy.
Common characteristics of autism can include difficulties with social interaction, such as difficulty understanding and expressing emotions, problems with communication, both verbal and non-verbal, and repetitive behaviours or strict adherence to specific routines.
Importantly, each person with autism is unique. Some are able to live entirely independent lives, while others may require significant support. Many individuals with autism may also have co-occurring conditions like ADHD, anxiety, or sleep disturbances.
After an assessment Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is often categorized into three “levels” to help communicate the amount of support an individual may need. These levels were defined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
Level 1 (Requiring Support)
Individuals at this level generally have difficulties with social interactions and may struggle to make friends. They may exhibit inflexible behavior’s that interferes with functioning or causes minor issues in one or two contexts, such as at home or in school. However, with some support, they can usually manage their day-to-day lives.
Level 2 (Requiring Substantial Support)
Individuals at this level have more severe social deficits that are noticeable even to the casual observer. They struggle with change and have a hard time adapting to new situations. Their behaviours and interests are often restricted and repetitive, causing significant interference in various contexts. They often need more substantial support to manage their day-to-day lives.
Level 3 (Requiring Very Substantial Support)
Individuals at this level have severe deficits in verbal and nonverbal social communication skills, which cause severe impairments in functioning. They exhibit very limited initiation of social interactions and minimal response to social overtures from others. Their behaviours are highly restricted, repetitive, and interfere greatly with functioning in all spheres of life. They require very substantial support to manage their day-to-day lives.
Please note:
- In Australia a diagnosis of Autism a child under 12 needs to be assessed by a Psychologist, Developmental Paediatrician/Child Psychiatrist and Speech Pathologist.
- Above 12 years of age am assessment by a Psychologist and Developmental Paediatrician/Psychiatrist.
